| CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS COURSE MATRIX |
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SYNOPSIS |
SCIENCE
CONCEPTS |
PROCESSES |
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1. |
Substances (5–6 sessions)
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Students are introduced to chemistry lab tools and
procedures. They experience chemical reactions and learn
three ways to identify chemical substances: common name, scientific name, and chemical formula. They use macroscopic evidence from reactions to identify reactants.
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• A substance is a form of matter with a unique composition and<
distinct properties.
• Substances can be represented with common names, scientific
names, and chemical formulas.
• A chemical reaction occurs when substances interact to form new
substances (products). |
• Mix substances with water in order to
determine the identity of an unknown
mixture of substances.
• Observe and compare reactions while
they occur and the residues left behind.
• Explain that a reaction changes initial
substances into new, different
substances.. |
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2. |
Elements (4 sessions) |
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Students learn that elements are the fundamental
substances from which all matter on Earth is made. They study the periodic table to become familiar with the 90 naturally occurring elements and search product ingredient lists for elements they contain.. |
• An element is a basic substance that cannot be broken into simpler
substances during chemical interactions.
• There are 90 naturally occurring elements on Earth.
• Elements combine to make all the substances on Earth.
• The relative abundance of elements varies with location in the universe.
• The periodic table of the elements displays all the naturally occurring
and synthesized elements. |
• Use information in the periodic table to analyze substances in terms of their
elemental composition.
• Explain that all common matter is made
of elements.. |
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3. |
Particles
(5 sessions) |
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Students investigate the macroscopic properties of
gas and develop a particulate model to describe the
invisible composition and interactions that account for the observable behaviors of gas. |
• Matter is made of particles. Particles in gas are widely spaced.
• Every substance is defined by a unique particle.
• Gas is matter—it has mass and occupies space.
• Gases are composed of widely spaced individual particles in constant motion.
• There is nothing between gas particles except space.
• Gas compresses under force and expands when force is withdrawn.
• During compression and expansion, the number and character of particles in a sample of gas do not change; the space between the particles does change.. |
• Use standardized procedures to determine the volume of gas produced in a reaction.
• Use syringes to observe the effects of pressure on gases.
• Explain the composition of gas in terms of individual particles in constant motion.
• Use drawings and words to explain gas compression and expansion.. |
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4. |
Kinetic Energy
(4-5 sessions) |
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Students observe expansion and contraction of solids,
liquids, and gases, and explain the phenomena in terms of kinetic theory—the constant motion of particles.. |
• Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
• The particles in substances gain kinetic energy as they warm, and
lose kinetic energy as they cool.
• Matter expands when the kinetic energy of its particles increases; matter contracts when the kinetic energy of its particles decreases. |
• Heat and cool gas, liquid, and solid matter to observe expansion and contraction.
• Explain expansion and contraction in terms of kinetic energy.
• Explain how a thermometer works.. |
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5. |
Enegy Transfer (6 sessions) |
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Students experience the effects of energy transfer and
learn to conceptualize the process of energy transfer as
changes of particle kinetic energy resulting from particle collisions. Students are introduced to calories to measure heat and discover that energy is conserved. |
• Substances “heat up” and “cool down” as a result of energy transfer.
• Energy transfers between particles when they collide. Energy transfer
by contact is conduction.
• Energy always transfers from particles with more kinetic energy to
particles with less kinetic energy.
• Heat is measured in calories.. |
• Mix hot and cold water to
energy transfer.
• Calculate energy transfer
• Explain energy transfer in
change of particle kinetic
resulting from collision.
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page 4
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